Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade free essay sample

The struggle to end the transatlantic slave trade and slavery was achieved by African resistance and economic factors as well as through humanitarian campaigns. The most prominent abolitionists, notably Thomas Clarion and William Wildflower, were great publicists. Wildflower (1759-1833) led the British parliamentary campaign to abolish the slave trade and slavery. Opinion in Europe was also changing. Moral, religious and humanitarian arguments found more and more support. A vigorous campaign to achieve abolition began in Britain in 1 783 and also developed in North America and the Caribbean, often led by the Black churches.In Britain, Thomas Clarion (1760-1846) was another prominent campaigner who was principally responsible for collecting evidence against the trade. Clarion was a founder member of the society for effecting the abolition of the slave trade in 1787. In Liverpool, William Rose was one of the best known abolitionists. He wrote poetry and pamphlets in favor of abolition. Opinion in Liverpool was generally pro-slavery and like other abolitionists, Rose tended to work behind the scenes rather than openly declaring his views. We will write a custom essay sample on Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An active counter campaign was mounted by those who profited from slavery. The West India lobby of plantation owners and their supporters in the British Parliament fought abolition. Although ultimately unsuccessful, they gained 20 million pounds compensation for plantation owners for the loss of their slaves. Ex-slaves were not compensated. Despite the abolition of slave trading by Britain and other countries from 1807 onwards, illegal trading continued for a further 60 years. About a quarter of all Africans who were enslaved between 1 500 and 1 870 were transported across the Atlantic in the years after 1807. Much of this illegal trade was to the sugar plantations of Cuba and Brazil.From 1815 to 1865, the British Royal Navy undertook antislavery patrols off the West African coast, seizing hundreds of vessels. Britain was forced to pay compensation for seized ships and to encourage countries such as Spain and Portugal to abolish slaving. Although humanitarian considerations were important, economic interests were also at stake. Cuba and Brazil were competitors to British West Indian sugar production. Merchants developing the palm oil trade with West Africa, who were largely based in Liverpool, also feared illegal slaving would damage their interests.

Business Model for Activity System-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Model for Activity System. Answer: Introduction This essay will be discussing the understanding pertaining to the concept of business model along with the ways in which theoretical understanding pertaining to the business models can be utilised for the explanation of innovation process, value appropriation and value creations in organisations in real life. The academic literature with respect to the business model will be explored for the investigation of three major concepts of business models e-business model archetypes, business models as activity systems and business model as a cost / revenue architecture. The investigation of such concepts will be performed both individually and also with regards to one another under the umbrella theme which is associated with the business models. Concept of Business Model A business model is the articulation of logic. Data along with other evidence is provided by it which depict the ways in which the business leads to the creation as well as delivery of value to its customers. An outline regarding the architecture of costs, revenues and profits linked to the enterprise carrying out business provides that value is provided by the business model. The issues which are associated with a good business model design share an interrelationship with each other and lie at the core of building a sustainable competitive advantage. Thus, a business model is a description of the manner in which value is created and delivered to the customers by the enterprise and how payments that are received are converted to profits. If the business pioneers wish to derive profits from innovation, it is essential that they excel in business model design and product innovation and also understand options related to business design, technological trajectories and customer needs. It provides definition of the business logic that is needed for earning profits and after adoption it describes the manner in which the firm goes to market. For assuring competitive advantage, the business model should be efficient and effective (Teece, 2010). Even though business models are an integral part of trading and also of economic behaviour, the concept of business model gained prevalence with internet advent in the mid-1990s and has picked up ever since (Teece, 2010). Certain authors are also of the view that the emergence of this concept and its use extensively might have been driven by internets extent (Amit Zott, 2001). The other driving factors might be rapid growth in the markets that are emerging, interest in issues pertaining to bottom of pyramid and expanding industries as well as organisations that depend on post industrial technologies (Thompson MacMillan, 2010) (Perkmann Spicer, 2010). Discussion of the various notions E-business Archetype e-business refers to doing business electronically. It consists of e-markets, e-commerce and business that are internet based and the reference is to the organisations conducting commercial transactions with their buyers as well as their business partners via the internet (Mahadevan, 2000). Advances that have taken place recently in information technologies and communication like the emergence and also the rapid expansion that has taken place of the internet along with the swift derease in the costs of communication and commuting have led to new ways of creation and delivery of value that have resulted in opportunities for creating exchange mechanisms as well as transaction architectures of unconventional type (Amit Zott, 2001). Along with it have come the possibilities for designing organisational plans that are new and span boundaries (Dunbar Starbuck, 2006). Such developments have resulted in the opening of new horizons which facilitate designing of business models so that organ isations are enabled to change in a fundamental way regarding the manner in which they not only organise but also engage in exchanges of economic nature within as well as across the boundaries of both the enterprise and industry (Mendelson, 2000). This also comprises the manner in which the interaction occurs between the customers and the suppliers (Brynjolfsson Hitt, 2004). The principal driver for increasing attention to business models and consequently the emergence of theory related to the topics (Ghaziani Ventresca, 2005) (Yip, 2004). Research on models of e-business may be organised into two complementary streams firstly the generic e-business models providing typologies and secondly e-business model components. Business Model as a Activity System Increasing attention has been received from business strategists and schools who have shown interest in providing explanation of the firms competitive advantage, performance and value creation. Business model concept has been employed for explaining value creation in case of networked markets (Zott Amit, 2008). The focus is on the activities of the firm with their network of partners. However, it has been acknowledged by the scholars that the business models are not executed by the firm in competitive vacuum and business models are used as a means for competition between firms (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2010). Hence, a potential source pertaining to competitive advantage is the business model (Markides Charitou, 2004). The newer and effective models provide novelty that lead to value creation that is superior (Morris, Schindehutte, Allen, 2005). A central role can also be played by the business model to explain the firms performance. Business model is considered as a unifying construct for providing explanation of firm performance and its competitive advantage. It is described as a method by which the resources of the firm are built and used for offering better value to the customers and making money while doing this (Afuah, 2004). Business models are also considered as extensions of central ideas in cases of business strategies. It might provide the firm a competitive advantage which is different from its market position. Enterprises addressing similar customer needs and pursuing similar strategies of product market can have varying business models (Zott Amit, 2008). The strategy traditionally emphasises on competitive advantage, value capture and competition while the emphasis of business model concept is on joint value creation, partnership and cooperation (Mkinen Seppnen, 2007). Business model also strongly revolves around the criteria of value creation which is customer focused (Mansfield Fourie, 2004). As per this perspective, the pattern related to the economic exchanges of the firm with external parties is encompassed in the business model ((Zott Amit, 2008). The critical details regarding the value proposition of the firm for its different stakeholders and also the firms activity system are used for creation of value and its delivery to the customers (Seddon, Lewis, Freeman, Shanks, 2004). Cost-Revenue Architecture As per this perspective that is more functionalist, business model complements technology which is viewed as business models enabler and not a component of the concept. The competition and resources are not taken as components of the concept of business model. Its main logic is around the revenues and costs of the firm, the value proposition it provides to its customers along with the value capturing mechanisms. Hence, it is a means for innovation. Utilisation of Business Model Conceptualisations in Analysing and Solving Problems The business model conceptualisations have been utilised by strategy scholars with reference to the firms logic, its ways of operating and the way in which it creates values for the stakeholders. This notion on the surface appears the same as that of the notion of strategy. However, they are different and the business model reflects the realised strategy of the firm. It helps the firm in e-business, value creation, performance, sustaining competitive advantage and as a means of innovation by providing the customers with value proposition. The business models differ from strategy in cases of crucial contingencies on which a strategy that is well designed might be based. Business Context and Change in the Business is Inevitable In the business environment of today, there is nothing which remains still. There has been a constant increase in the rates of change faced by business organisations in previous five decades. Business environments have become highly volatile. These are mainly a resultant of information and communication technology, increase in the liberalisation as well as democratisation of the economies throughout the world. Hence, change has become inevitable and is a routine feature in a business. Therefore, the management needs to give it necessary attention for getting business performance that increases continuously (Thomas, 2014). An example of an organisation that had to change its business model is Google. Initially the company did not have a business model. It was unprofitable organisation in the beginning and was fumbling for stable revenue. After it made some profitable forays by sale of search appliances to businesses and also its own technology related to search to other search engines, a radical change of course took place for Google. AdWords program was launched by the company in 2003 through which businesses could advertise to people who were searching for certain items on Google.com. Overnight this turned out to be a success and Google became a search tool which proved to be very popular for the advertising juggernaut. $21 billion profit was reported by the company to be generated in 2008 through advertising driven revenue. AdWords still makes up a lions share of the total revenue as well as profits of Google. Conclusion Increase in understanding in relation to business models and the place that they hold in the corpus of the organisational as well as social sciences provide assistance in the understanding we form of various subjects like competitive advantage, strategy, innovation, competition and market behaviour. It also improves our understanding with regards to the firms as well as the roles that the business models play in changing business contexts. Bibliography Afuah, A. (2004). Business models: A strategic management approach. . New York: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Amit, R., Zott, C. (2001). Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal , 22, 493-520. Brynjolfsson, E., Hitt, L. (2004). Intangible assets and the economic impact of computers. . In W. Dutton, B. Kahin, OCallaghan., A. Wyckoff, Transforming enterprise (pp. 27-48). Boston: MIT Press. Casadesus-Masanell, R., Ricart, J. E. (2010). From strategy to business models and to tactics Planning. Long Range , 195-215. Dunbar, R. L., Starbuck, W. H. (2006). Learning to design organizations and learning from designing them. Organization Science , 171-178. Ghaziani, A., Ventresca, M. J. (2005). Keywords and cultural change: Frame analysis of business model public talk 1975-2000. . Sociological Forum , 523-559. Mahadevan, B. (2000). Business models for Internet-based e-commerce: An anatomy. . California Management Review , 55-69. Mkinen, S., Seppnen, M. (2007). Assessing business model concepts with taxonomical research criteria: A preliminary study. Management Research News , 735-746. Mansfield, G. M., Fourie, L. C. (2004). Strategy and business modelsstrange bedfellows? A case for conver gence and its evolution into strategic architecture. . South African Journal of Business Management , 35-44. Markides, C., Charitou, C. D. (2004). Competing with dual business models: A contingency approach. . Academy of Management Executive , 22-36. Mendelson, H. (2000). Organizational architecture and success in the information technology industry. . Management Science , 513-529. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Allen, J. (2005). The entrepreneurs business model: Toward a unified perspective. Journal of Business Research , 726-35. Perkmann, M., Spicer, A. (2010). What are business models? Developing a theory of performative representation. In M. Lounsbury (Ed.), Technology and organization: Essays in honour of Joan Woodward (Research in the Sociology of Organizations) (pp. 265-275). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group. Seddon, P. B., Lewis, G. P., Freeman, P., Shanks, G. 2. (2004). The case for viewing business models as abstractions of strategy. Communications of the Association for Information Systems , 427-442. Teece, D. (2010). Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. Long Range Planning , 43, 172-194. Thomas, O. (2014). Change Management and its Effects on Organizational Performance of Nigerian Telecoms Industries: Empirical Insight from Airtel Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education , 1 (11), 170-179. Thompson, J. D., MacMillan, I. C. (2010). Business models: Creating new markets and societal wealth. Long Range Planning , 291-307, 43. Yip, G. (2004). Using strategy to change your business model. . Business Strategy Review , 17-24. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2008). The fit between product market strategy and business model: Implications for firm performance. . Strategic Management Journal , 1-26.

Preparetion of salt Essay Example

Preparetion of salt Paper 1. INSOLUBLE SALTSSoluble salt 1(aq) + soluble salt 2(aq) insoluble salt + soluble salt (aq)acid 1(aq) acid 2(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(g) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)Pb2+(aq) + SO2-4(aq) PbSO4To prepare a salt, you should firstly thoroughly mix the solution, then you should filter it to remove any precipitate. Next, you should, wash with distilled water and finally leave to dry in the oven.2. SOLUBLE SALTSa. Filtrationi. acid + base salt + waterH2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)H2SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)ii. acid + insoluble metal carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxideH2SO4(aq) + CuCO3(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)iii. acid + reaction metal salt + hydrogenH2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)The base or the metal carbonate must be insoluble so that we can remove the excess through the method of filtration. The metals that we can use must react with acids but must not react with water as this would contaminate the salt with metal hydroxide. The metals that we can use are:Mag nesium (Mg)Aluminium (Al)Zinc (Zn)Iron (Fe)We firstly measure approximately 25cm3 of sulphuric acid, by pouring it into a beaker. This only occurs in case i and not in cases ii and iii. Next we heat up the acid until it is virtually boiling. In all cases, we add the solid until it is in excess (more than what will react). This is done so that we can make sure all of the acid reacts. In cases ii and iii, we heat up the beakers to speed up the reactions. To make sure that it is complete we filter the solutions into an evaporating basin.CRYSTALISATIONTo form this process, we boil the solution in the basin in order to concentrate it. We do this until we reach the crystallisation point and that is when it is saturated at that specific temperature. We test this by dipping in a glass rod and then blowing on one end. If a fern like growth of crystals show, it means that we have reached crystallisation point. After doing that, we allow the solution to cool down which produces small crystals. However, we want large crystals. To do this we allow the solution to evaporate at room temperature for about a week, until there are only a few cubic centimetres remaining. These are filtered off because they contain soluble impurities. The crystals are than washed with a little distilled water and dried using filter paper.b. TitrationIf the metal hydroxide or the metal carbonate are soluble, (i.e. alkalis), we cannot remove the excess via the process of filtration. Therefore, we have to react these substances in their correct stoichiometric amounts (i.e. there is no excess of either of them). This is done by a process known as titration.All sodium (Na) and potassium (K) salts have to be prepared by titration as their hydroxides and carbonates are soluble.i. base of soluble metal hydroxide + acid salt + waterNaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)ii. metal carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxideNa2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)Here are some pictures of the equ ipment that we need for this experiment:graduation pointThe pipette is used for measuring out with a fixed volume of solution. We firstly wash it out with the solution that we are going to use. In our case we are using hydrochloric acid.We then pipette 20cm3 of the acid into a conical flask. Then we then add a few drops of universal indicator to the solution.A burette is used for measuring a variable volume of solution. We also (like with the pipette) wash out the burette with alkali, which happens to sodium hydroxide in this case. We firstly fill the burette with the prescribed alkali through a funnel until the alkali reaches 0cm3.The alkali is very caustic. This means it will wear away into wood or anything in its way. The only way to stop this from happening, is to neutralise it by pouring an acid over it.We then titrate the hydrochloric acid solution with the solution from the burette until we reach the equivalence point, (end point).The indicator should abruptly change colour f rom red to a mid-range colour, orange. You should wash out the conical flask with water and repeat to get consistent titres which are within 0.2cm3 of each other. We repeat the whole thing using the same volumes but no indicators so the final colour of the solution is not changed. We then crystallise the solution as normal.Here are some results from this experiment overleaf:ATTEMPTROUGHONETWOFINAL22.3021.0042.10INITIAL-1.200.0021.00TITRE21.1021.0021.10c. EvaporationAnother method of making ammonium nitrate is done when either the acid or the alkali is volatile (evaporates easily). An example of this is for an acid -hydrochloric acid or for an alkali ammonia. In these cases we do not need to use the process of titration to prepare the salt. We can simply add the excess of the one that is volatile and the excess will evaporate when we come to evaporate the solution.NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)We measure out approximately 20cm3 of nitric acid into an evaporating basin. We then add am monia solution while stirring until in excess. We can check for this by its smell and confirm it is in excess by using red litmus paper which should turn blue. We then crystallise the solution as usual where upon the excess ammonia will evaporate.

Ideas and Passion Flare Up on Sampl

Ideas and Passion Flare Up on SamplSampl is a community that is based on popular Internet phrases and where people can discuss and share their own unique ideas, trivia, or even laugh at the same topics of discussion. It seems that by going on Sampl you are more likely to spark your own little spark of something new and unexpected.Others may ask that it's just a 'show' and I'm not sure that's necessarily true. I find that as a member of Sampl I have had numerous experiences of inspiration come to me and be shared with others as well. The fun is in the sharing and learning about this resource we have all picked up as we speak.Perhaps there is an underlying theme that is sharing and exploring and we all have a distinct essence to share in this society. Is this the best idea that the best minds have ever thought of? Perhaps it is the only idea that is worthy enough for us to share. This might help everyone think of the best way to think of what we all have in common and the best way to i gnite the passion that we all share in this endeavor.When I'm having the most fun on Sampl I see myself as one of the explorers of a similar philosophy that these others have. The wisdom that comes through Sampl and is shared to others is worth the price of admission alone.On the other hand, maybe I am holding back and the discussion that gets held on Sampl is simply an elaborate way to avoid having to think. But it's fun when we are forced to think.Whatever the case, I enjoy myself and I know when I am having the most fun on Sampl. If you are willing to share and ask questions and truly think things through, Sampl might be your best avenue to letting your ideas fly in the open and see what people think.What about if you are a sports fan and you are looking for the best ideas about sports and why they happen or what makes them tick? You can use Sampl and the brilliant information provided by all of the participants in the forum to spark that spark and pull out some gems. Consider th e forums as a place to get away from all the activities of everyday life and just let your imagination run wild.How do you like to get away from the stress of the day? Then give Sampl a try and start thinking outside the box. You never know what you will get when you take that step away from our everyday world.

Free Essays on The Truth Of Tradition

In the short story "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson, the author uses irony to expand on a theme of traditions that continue although they are ludicrous and barbaric. The characters are honoring a tradition that is handed down to them from former generations. The reader is led through the seemingly normal and quaint little village, and is taken on a ride of ironic horror as he or she slowly grasps the eventual fate of one inhabitant of the village. Shirley Jackson also uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The title "The Lottery" implies a contest with a winner of some kind, like a sweepstakes. When in reality, the â€Å"Lottery† is not about what is won but what is lost. The mood of the story at first seems almost festive. Then in small, but telling glimpses we are told that the men are smiling rather than laughing at the jokes, and the conversation among the bystanders turns to murmurs as the town official, Mr. Summers arrived in the square, carrying the "black box." Then the good-natured folk keep their distance and Mr. Summers must ask for help. There seemed to be a resigned air among the citizens. The narrator recounts a partial history of rituals involving the black box, complete with rumors of chants, recitals, stances, dim memories of the way the lottery used to be conducted. The reminiscing serves as a reminder to the villagers of the way things are and the way they have always been. The sheer weight of generations of villagers following the lottery tradition is felt. The mood of the people shifts from friendliness, to false boasting, to relief and finally nervous release as they fulfill the obligation of stoning the victim. The village, by all appearances, seems to be a normal and ordinary place with its inhabitants meeting in a square with festival like intentions. Children are playing, men are talking about the rain and taxes, and the women are chatting am... Free Essays on The Truth Of Tradition Free Essays on The Truth Of Tradition In the short story "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson, the author uses irony to expand on a theme of traditions that continue although they are ludicrous and barbaric. The characters are honoring a tradition that is handed down to them from former generations. The reader is led through the seemingly normal and quaint little village, and is taken on a ride of ironic horror as he or she slowly grasps the eventual fate of one inhabitant of the village. Shirley Jackson also uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The title "The Lottery" implies a contest with a winner of some kind, like a sweepstakes. When in reality, the â€Å"Lottery† is not about what is won but what is lost. The mood of the story at first seems almost festive. Then in small, but telling glimpses we are told that the men are smiling rather than laughing at the jokes, and the conversation among the bystanders turns to murmurs as the town official, Mr. Summers arrived in the square, carrying the "black box." Then the good-natured folk keep their distance and Mr. Summers must ask for help. There seemed to be a resigned air among the citizens. The narrator recounts a partial history of rituals involving the black box, complete with rumors of chants, recitals, stances, dim memories of the way the lottery used to be conducted. The reminiscing serves as a reminder to the villagers of the way things are and the way they have always been. The sheer weight of generations of villagers following the lottery tradition is felt. The mood of the people shifts from friendliness, to false boasting, to relief and finally nervous release as they fulfill the obligation of stoning the victim. The village, by all appearances, seems to be a normal and ordinary place with its inhabitants meeting in a square with festival like intentions. Children are playing, men are talking about the rain and taxes, and the women are chatting am...

Pros and cons of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards Essay

Pros and cons of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards - Essay Example In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper one of the benefits of extrinsic and extrinsic motivations is the increased performance. Extrinsic motivations may take the forms of rewards. This contributes a lot towards making the individuals to dedicate more of their efforts, skills and time in completion of certain take. Rewards, both tangible and psychological always lead to increased performances and high quality outcomes. In classroom setups, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations may lead to increased competition since each student may want to be rewarded at the end of it all. This boosts academic outcomes and shapes the students towards excellence. There are several demerits of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. In classroom setups, extrinsic motivations may be viewed and argued as aspects of discriminations against the students. This follows that it always leads to some form of academic barriers and stigmatizations. Some students who may not get the rewards as regular may be perceived incompetent by other colleagues. This demeans and belittles those students. In addition, in many cases, the rewards are always given out based on the person who leads but not the one who has shown tremendous improvement in an area. In most cases, such always lead to some forms of discriminations. The same may also apply to the workplaces. As such, it is important to note that rewards may be demoralizing at times.

Old School Culture and a New Principal Research Paper

Old School Culture and a New Principal - Research Paper Example Even the need was initially filled by teachers themselves or principal teachers, but later most principals stopped teaching because of the increased demand for their time to be spent in the fulfillment of management responsibilities. While schools were continuing to grow, principal teachers became full-time administrators in most schools. The school principal is holding the top most position in the administration of elementary, middle and high school. The purpose of this study is to analyze the given case and to conclude an idea about the impact of new principal in the field of school culture, to enumerate the consequences of approaches of a principal towards the factors which directly or indirectly influence the school culture, especially in the rules and procedures and to portrait the vivid behavioral pattern of a principal as he is a good leader. It tries to portrait the school culture and to analyze the plan in relate with professional growth. School Principal as organizational administrator and academic leader The overall culture of an institution is directly linked with principals, so they were responsible for building maintenance, public relations, financial operations, student personality and growth, school policy regarding discipline, coordination of the instructional program, scholastic and co-scholastic area of curriculum and other overall school matters. The culture is a complex term which includes moral belief, customs, knowledge, art, laws and any other habits and capabilities attained by human beings as a member of society (Prus R.C, 1997, p, 28). Normally, an identical set of morale and belief, especially those with which educator deals with can be termed as a strong culture. To be a culture as a positive one the morale, value and belief should be in a harmonious with empirical evidence and other factors having the good knowledge base (Kowalski, 2003). The principal should have a good leadership quality so he has to lead the others to attain their group goal and the level to whi ch the principal keeps to maintain a collaborative relationship with school staff. The principal must aware about prevailing condition with which ancestors guided and sustained the institute and its culture. The sudden changes, even it is necessary in the succession of years with innovative phase, may badly affect the co-workers and friends also. Without question, revamping culture of an institute having the long run history is the most terrifying task in climate change. Underlying shared costumes and believes that influence behavior often are very difficult to identify either because the coworkers are unwilling to talk about them or because they may unable to do so (Kowalski T J et al, 2007. p,27). He or she must be vigilant on his surroundings to make all as supportive for him in his succession with the positive changes especially in affaires relating to teachers, student, parents and community at whole. A slight derail may results in to an explosion due to depending on living mat ter other than in life less matters. Case Study Reflection: 1. Factors that contributed to the conflict between a majority of the teachers and Principal Lettimore. Lettimore is a newly appointed principal of Oliver Wendell Holmes Elementary School located in a fading urban area in the large California school district. Even though he had long experiences as principal in other high standard schools of the same district, he faced a sturdy conflict from majority of his staff and co-workers, mainly from teachers, due to the following factors: Resistance to change: John Lettimore adopted a change in the rules with which the school had